What is the NHS contaminated blood scandal and how did it happen? From 1970 to 1990s, the NHS exposed people to tainted blood through transfusions and gave infected US blood products to haemophiliacs
The final report of the infected blood inquiry will be published on 20 May, almost six years after it started. Here is the background to the scandal the inquiry was set up to investigate.
From 1970 to the 1990s, people treated by the NHS in the UK were exposed to tainted blood through transfusions, including during complications in childbirth, or, in the case of haemophiliacs, given contaminated “factor VIII” blood products imported from the US. The inquiry has previously estimated that more than 30,000 people were infected with HIV, hepatitis C or – in the case of 1,250 haemophiliacs – both. Most hep C infections (26,800) were in transfusion recipients. Those infected with HIV included 380 children. An estimated 2,900 people had died as a result of infection by the end of 2019.
People were infected through blood transfusions because donated blood was not screened for HIV until 1986 and not tested for Hepatitis C until 1991. Blood products for haemophiliacs were imported from the US where people were paid to donate blood, which led to people at high risk of infection donating, such as drug addicts and prison inmates. Again, the blood was not screened. Donations were mixed together, which increased the chances that any virus would contaminate many batches of factor concentrate.
There is plenty of evidence, much of it heard during the inquiry, that there were ample warnings about the dangers posed by the lack of screening and the importation of products from the US before action was taken to combat the risk.
In 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned Britain not to import blood from countries with a high prevalence of hepatitis, such as the US. A warning of the risk of contracting HIV from blood products was issued in 1982 and the following year the Lancet and WHO said haemophiliacs should be told about the dangers.
There were also warnings communicated directly to the government, including a letter sent by Dr Spence Galbraith, of the Public Health Laboratory Service, to the Department of Health in 1983, which said: “I have reviewed the literature and come to the conclusion that all blood products made from blood donated in the US after 1978 should be withdrawn from use until the risk of Aids transmission by these products has been clarified.” The advice was never taken.
In an interim report, the inquiry chair, Sir Brian Langstaff, said “wrongs were done at individual, collective and systemic levels”.
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